Acknowledgements
Preface
、
SECTION ONE The linguistic background
D．H．Hymes：On Communicative Competence(extracts)
M．A．K．Halliday：Towards a Sociological Semantics
(extracts)
SECTION TWO The background to teaching
H．G．Widdowson：Directions in the Teaching of Dis—
COUrse
H．G．Widdowson：The Deep Structure of Discourse and
the Use of Translation
Christ0Dher N．Candlin：The Status of Pedagogical
Grammars
D．A．Wilkins：Grammatical，Situational and Notional
Syllabuses
D．A．Wilkins：Notional Syllabuses and the Concept of a
Minimum Adequate Grammar
SECTION THREE Applications and techniques
J．L．M．Trim~Draft Outline of a European Unit／Credit
System for Modern Language Learning by Adults
(extract)
T．van Ek：The Threshold Level(extracts)
。H．G．Widdowson：The Teaching of English as Com
munication
J．P．B．Allen and H．G．Widdowson：Teaching the
Communicative Use of English
Keith Morrow：Communicative Language Testing：
Revolution or E：volution?
VIII Contents
SECTION FOUR Methodological perspectives
Leonard Newmark：How Not to Interfere with Language
Leamm~
Richard A。llwright：Language Learning through Com。
munication Practice
C．J．Bmmfit：‘Communicative’Language Teaching：an
Educational Perspective
Keith Johnson：Communicative Approaches and Corn。
municative Processes
Conclusion
APPENDIX　Extracts from teaching materials
References
Index