CONTENTS
   Preface
    1 Introduction
    1.1 Purpose of Database Systems
    1.2 ViewofData
    1.3 DataModels
    1.4 Database Languages
    1.5 Transaction Management
    1.6 Storage Management
    1.7 Database Administrator
    1.8 Database Users
    1.9 Overall System Structure
    1.10 Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
    2 Entity-Relationship Model
    2.1 Basic Concepts
    2.2 Design Issues
    2.3 Mapping Constraints
    2.4 Keys
    2.5 Entity-Relationship Diagram
    2.6 Weak Enrity Sets
    2.7 Extended E-R Features
    2.8 Design of an E-R Database Schema
    2.9 Reduction of an E-R Schema to Tables
    1
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    12
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    15
    15
    16
    19
    20
    20
    23
    23
    28
    30
    34
    36
    37
    41
    47
    52
    2.10 Summary
    Exercises
    Bibliographic Notes
    3 Relational Model
    3.1 Structure of Relational Databases
    3.2 The Relational Algebra
    3.3 The Tuple Relational Calculus
    3.4 The Domain Relational Calculus
    3.5 Extended Relational-Algebra Operations
    3.6 Modification of the Database
    3.7 Views
    3.8 Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
    4 SQL
    4.1 Background
    4.2 Basic Structure
    4.3 Set Operations
    4.4 Aggregate Functions
    4.5 Null Values
    4.6 Nested Subqueries
    4.7 Derived Relations
    4.8 Views
    4.9 Modification of the Database
    4.10 Joined Relations
    4.11 Data-Definition Language
    4.12 Embedded SQL
    4.13 Other SQL Features
    4.14 Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
    5 Other Relational Languages
    5.1 Query-by-Example
    5.2 Quel
    5.3 Datalog
    5.4 Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
    6 Integrity Constraints
    6.1 Domain Constraints
    6.2 Referential Integrity
    6.3 Assertions
    6.4 Triggers
    6.5 Functional Dependencies
    6.6 Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
   Relational Database Design
    7.1 Pitfalls in Relational-Database Design
    7.2 Decomposition
    7.3 Normalization Using Functional Dependencies
    7.4 Normalization Using Multivalued Dependencies
    7.5 Normalization Using Join Dependencies
    7.6 Domain-Key Nonnal Fonn
    7.7 Altemative Approaches to Database Design
    7.8 Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
   Object-Qriented Databases
    8.1 New Database Applications
    8.2 The Object-Oriented Data Model
    8.3 Object-Oriented Languages
    8.4 Persistent Programming Languages
    8.5 Persistent C++ Systems
    8.6 Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
   Object-Relational Databases
    9.1 Nested Relations
    9.2 Complex Types and Object Orientation
    9.3 Querying with Complex Types
    9.4 Creation of Complex Values and Objects
    9.5 Comparison of Object-Orientea and Object-Relational Databases
    9.6 Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
   Storage and File Structure
    10.l Overview of Physical Storage Media
    10.l Magnetic Disks
    10.3 RAID
    10.4 Tertiary Storage
    10.5 Storage Access
    10.6 File Organization
    1037 Organization of Records in Files
    10.8 Data-Dictionary Storage
    10.9 Storage Structures for Object-Oriented Databases
    1O.1O Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
   Indexing and Hashing
    1l.l Basic Concepts
    1l.2 Ordered Indices
    11.3 B+Tree Index Files
    1l.4 B-Tree Index Files
    1l.5 Static Hashing
    1l.6 Dynamic Hashing
    11.7 Comparison of Ordered Indexing and Hashing
    11.8 Index Definition in SQL
    11.9 Multiple-Key Access
    1l.lO Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
    12 Query Processing
    12.1 Overview
    12.2 Catalog Information for Cost Estimation
    12.3 Measures of Query Cost
    12.4Selection Operation
    12.5 Sorting
    12.6 Join Operation
    12.7Other Operations
    12.8 Evaluation of Expressions
    12.9 Transformation of Relational Expressions
    12.10 Choice of Evaluation Plans
    12.11 Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
    13 Transactions
    13.1 Transaction Concept
    13.2 Transaction State
    13.3 Iimplementation of Atomicity and Durability
    13.4 Concurrent Executions
    13.5 Serializability
    13.6 Recoverability
    13.7 Implementation of Isolation
    13.8 Transaction Definition in SQL
    13.9 Testing for Serializability
    13.10 Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
    14 Concurrency Control
    14.1 Lock-Based Protocols
    14.2 Timestamp-Based Protocols
    14.3 Validation-Based Protocols
    14.4 Multiple Granularity
    14.5 Multivcrsion Schemes
    14.6 Deadlock Handling
    14.7 Insert and Delete Operations
    14.8 Concurrency in Index Structures
    14.9 Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
   Recovery System
    15.1 Failure Classification
    15.2 Storage Structure
    l5.3 Recovery and Atomicity
    15.4 Log-Based Recovery
    15.5 Shadow Paging
    15.6 Recovery with Concurrent Transactions
    15.7 Buffer Management
    15.8 Failure with Loss of Nonvolatile Storage
    l5.9 Advanced Recovery Techniques
    15.10 Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
   Database System Architectures
    16.1 Centralized Systems
    l6.2 Client-Server Systems
    16.3 Parallel Systems
    l6.4 Distributed Systems
    16.5 Network Types
    l6.6 Sununary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
   Parallel Databases
    17.1 Introduction
    17.2 I/O Parallelism
    17.3 Interquery Parallelism
    17.4 Intraquery Parallelism
    17.5 Intraoperation Parallelism
    17.6 Interoperation Parallelism
    17.7 Design of Parallel Systems
    17.8 Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
   Distributed Databases
    18.1 Distributed Data Storage
    18.2 Network Transparency
    18.3 Distributed Query Processing
    18.4 Distributed Transaction Model
    18.5 Commit Protocols
    18.6 Coordinator Selection
    18.7 Concurrency Control
    18.8 Deadlock Handling
    18.9 Multidatabase Systems
    18.10 Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
    19 Special Topics
    19.1 Security and Integrity
    19.2 Standardization
    19.3 Perfonnance Benchmarks
    19.4 Perfonnance Tuning
    19.5 Time in Databases
    19.6 User Interfaces
    19.7 Active Databases
    19.8 Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
    20 Advanced Transaction Processing
    20.1 Remote Backup Systems
    20.2 Transaction-Processing Monitors
    20.3 High-Performance Transaction Systems
    20.4 Long-Duration Transactions
    20.5 Real-Time Transaction Systems
    20.6 Weak Levels of Consistency
    20.7 Transactional Workflows
    20.8 Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
    21 New Applications
    21.1 Decision-Support Systems
    21.2 Data Analysis
    21.3 Data Mining
    21.4 Data Warehousing
    21.5 Spatial and Geographic Databases
    21.6 Multimedia Databases
    21.7 Mobility and Personal Databases
    21.8 Infonnation-Retrieval Systems
    21.9 Distributed Information Systems
    21.10 The World Wide Web
    21.11 Summary
   Exercises
   Bibliographic Notes
   A Network Model
    A.1 Basic Concepts
    A.2 Data-Structure Diagrams
    A.3 The DBTG CODASYL Model
    A.4 Implementation Techniques
    A.5 Discussion
    B Hierarchical Model
    B.l Basic Concepts
    B.2 Tree-Stmcture Diagrams
    B.3 Implementation Techniques
    B.4 The IMS Database System
    B.5 Discussion