Introduction Icons Used in This Book Command Syntax Conventions Part I Exterior Gateway Protocols Chapter 1 Exterior Gateway Protocol The Origins of EGP Operation of EGP EGP Topology Issues EGP Functions EGP Message Formats Shortcomings of EGP Configuring EGP Case Study: An EGP Stub Gateway Case Study: An EGP Core Gateway Case Study: Indirect Neighbors Case Study: Default Routes Troubleshooting EGP Interpreting the Neighbor Table Case Study: Converging at the Speed of Syrup End Notes Looking Ahead Review Questions Configuration Exercises Troubleshooting Exercise Chapter 2 Introduction to Border Gateway Protocol 4 Classless Interdomain Routing A Summarization Summary Classless Routing Summarization: The Good, the Bad, and the Asymmetric The Internet: Still Hierarchical After All These Years CIDR: Reducing Routing Table Explosion CIDR: Reducing Class B Address Space Depletion Difficulties with CIDR Who Needs BGP? A Single-Homed Autonomous System Multihoming to a Single Autonomous System Multihoming to Multiple Autonomous Systems A Note on “Load Balancing” BGP Hazards BGP Basics BGP Message Types The BGP Finite State Machine Path Attributes Administrative Weight AS_SET The BGP Decision Process Route Dampening IBGP and IGP Synchronization Managing Large-Scale BGP Peering Peer Groups Communities Route Reflectors Confederations BGP Message Formats The Open Message The Update Message The Keepalive Message The Notification Message End Notes Looking Ahead Recommended Reading Review Questions Chapter 3 Configuring and Troubleshooting Border Gateway Protocol 4 Basic BGP Configuration Case Study: Peering BGP Routers Case Study: Injecting IGP Routes into BGP Case Study: Injecting BGP Routes into an IGP Case Study: IBGP without an IGP Case Study: IBGP Over an IGP Case Study: EBGP Multihop Case Study: Aggregate Routes Managing BGP Connections Routing Policies Resetting BGP Connections Case Study: Filtering Routes by NLRI Case Study: Filtering Routes by AS_PATH Case Study: Filtering with Route Maps Case Study: Administrative Weights Case Study: Administrative Distances and Backdoor Routes Case Study: Using the LOCAL_PREF Attribute Case Study: Using the MULTI_EXIT_DISC Attribute Case Study: Prepending the AS_PATH Case Study: Route Tagging Case Study: Route Dampening Large-Scale BGP Case Study: BGP Peer Groups Case Study: BGP Communities Case Study: Private AS Numbers Case Study: BGP Confederations Case Study: Route Reflectors Looking Ahead Recommended Reading Command Summary Configuration Exercises Troubleshooting Exercises Part II Advanced IP Routing Issues Chapter 4 Network Address Translation Operation of NAT Basic NAT Concepts NAT and IP Address Conservation NAT and ISP Migration NAT and Multihomed Autonomous Systems Port Address Translation NAT and TCP Load Distribution NAT and Virtual Servers NAT Issues Header Checksums Fragmentation Encryption Security Protocol-Specific Issues Configuring NAT Case Study: Static NAT Case Study: Dynamic NAT Case Study: A Network Merger Case Study: ISP Multihoming with NAT Port Address Translation Case Study: TCP Load Balancing Case Study: Service Distribution Troubleshooting NAT End Note Looking Ahead Command Summary Configuration Exercises Troubleshooting Exercises Chapter 5 Introduction to IP Multicast Routing Requirements for IP Multicast Multicast IP Addresses Group Membership Concepts Internet Group Management Protocol(IGMP) Cisco Group Membership Protocol(CGMP) Multicast Routing Issues Multicast Forwarding Multicast Routing Sparse Versus Dense Topologies Implicit Joins Versus Explicit Joins Source-Based Trees Versus Shared Trees Multicast Scoping Operation of the Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol(DVMRP) Neighbor Discovery and Maintenance The DVMRP Routing Table DVMRP Packet Forwarding DVMRP Message Formats Operation of Multicast OSPF(MOSPF) MOSPF Basics Inter-Area MOSPF Inter-AS MOSPF MOSPF Extension Formats Operation of Core-Based Trees(CBT) CBT Basics Finding the Core CBT Designated Routers Member and Nonmember Sources CBT Message Formats Introduction to Protocol Independent Multicast(PIM) Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast,Dense Mode(PIM-DM) PIM-DM Basics Prune Overrides Unicast Route Changes PIM-DM-Designated Routers PIM Forwarder Election Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast,Sparse Mode(PIM-SM) PIM-SM Basics Finding the Rendezvous Point PIM-SM and Shared Trees Source Registration PIM-SM and Shortest Path Trees PIMv2 Message Formats End Notes Looking Ahead Recommended Reading Command Summary Review Questions Chapter 6 Configuring and Troubleshooting IP Multicast Routing Configuring IP Multicast Routing Case Study: Configuring Protocol-Independent Multicast, Dense Mode(PIM-DM) Configuring Protocol-Independent Multicast, Sparse Mode(PIM-SM) Case Study: Multicast Load Sharing Troubleshooting IP Multicast Routing Using mrinfo Using mtrace and mstat Looking Ahead Configuration Exercises Troubleshooting Exercises Chapter 7 Large-Scale IP Multicast Routing Multicast Scoping Case Study: Multicasting Across Non-Multicast Domains Connecting to DVMRP Networks Inter-AS Multicasting Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP(MBGP) Operation of Multicast Source Discovery Protocol(MSDP) MSDP Message Formats Case Study: Configuring MBGP Case Study: Configuring MSDP Case Study: MSDP Mesh Groups Case Study: Anycast RP Case Study: MSDP Default Peers Command Summary End Notes Looking Ahead Review Questions Chapter 8 IP Version 6 Design Goals of IPv6 Improve Scalability Ease of Configuration Security Current State of IPv6 IPv6 Specification(RFCs) Vendor Support Implementations IPv6 Packet Format The IPv6 Address Address Structure IPv6 Header IPv6 Functionality Enabling IPv6 Capability on a Cisco Router ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Autoconfiguration Routing The Anycast Process Multicast Quality of Service Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 Dual Stacks DNS IPv6 Tunneled in IPv4 Network Address Translation——Protocol Translation End Notes Looking Ahead Recommended Reading Review Questions Chapter Bibliography Chapter 9 Router Management Policies and Procedure Definition Service Level Agreements Change Management Escalation Procedures Updating Policies Simple Network Management Protocol Overview of SNMP CiscoWorks Router Configuration for SNMP RMON Overview of RMON Router Configuration for RMON Logging Syslog Overview of Syslog Router Configuration for Syslog Network Time Protocol Overview of NTP Router Configuration for NTP Accounting IP Accounting NetFlow Configuration Management Fault Management Performance Management Security Management Password Types and Encryption Controlling Interactive Access Minimizing Risks of Denial-of-Service Attacks TACACS+ RADIUS Secure Shell Designing Servers to Support Management Processes Network Robustness HSRP Lab Recommended Reading End Notes Looking Ahead Command Summary Review Questions Configuration Exercises Bibliography Part III Appendixes Appendix A The show ip bgp neighbors Display Appendix B A Regular-Expression Tutorial Literals and Metacharacters Delineation: Matching the Start and End of Lines Bracketing: Matching a Set of Characters Negating: Matching Everything Except a Set of Characters Wildcard: Matching Any Single Character Alternation: Matching One of a Set of Characters Optional Characters: Matching a Character That May or May Not Be There 818 Repetition: Matching a Number of Repeating Characters Boundaries: Delineating Literals Putting It All Together: A Complex Example Recommended Reading Appendix C Reserved Multicast Addresses Internet Multicast Addresses References People Appendix D Answers to Review Questions Answers to Chapter 1 Review Questions Answers to Chapter 2 Review Questions Answers to Chapter 5 Review Questions Answers to Chapter 7 Review Questions Answers to Chapter 8 Review Questions Answers to Chapter 9 Review Questions Appendix E Answers to Configuration Exercises Answers to Chapter 1 Configuration Exercises Answers to Chapter 3 Configuration Exercises Answers to Chapter 4 Configuration Exercises Answers to Chapter 6 Configuration Exercises Answers to Chapter 9 Configuration Exercises Appendix F Answers to Troubleshooting Exercises Answer to Chapter 1 Troubleshooting Exercise Answers to Chapter 3 Troubleshooting Exercises Answers to Chapter 4 Troubleshooting Exercises Answers to Chapter 6 Troubleshooting Exercises Index