Preface xv
Part 1. TCP for Transactions 1
Chapter 1. TFFCP Introduction 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 UDP Client-Server 3
1.3 TCP Client-Server 9
1.4 T/TCP Client-Server 17
1.5 Test Network 20
1.6 Timing Example 21
1.7 Applications 22
1.8 History 24
1.9 Implementations 26
1.10 Summary 28
Chapter 2. T/TCP Protocol 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 New TCP Options for T/TCP 30
2.3 T/TCP Implementation Variables 33
2.4 State Transition Diagram 34
2.5 T/TCP Extended States 36
2.6 Summary 38
Chapter 3. T/TOP Examples 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Client Reboot 40
3.3 Normal T/TCP Transaction 42
3.4 Server Receives Old Duplicate SYN 43
3.5 Server Reboot 44
3.6 Request or Reply Exceeds MSS 45
3.7 Backward Compatibility 49
3.8 Summary 51
Chapter 4. T/TCP Protocol (Continued) 53
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Client Port Numbers and TIME WAIT State 53
4.3 Purpose of the TIME，，，WAIT State 56
4.4 TIME WAIT State Truncation 59
4.5 Avoiding the Three-Way Handshake with TAO 62
4.6 Summary 68
Chapter 5. T/TCP Implementation： Socket Layer 69
5.1 Introduction 69
5.2 Constants 70
5.3 sosend Function 70
5.4 Summary 72
Chapter 6.T/TOP Implementation： Routing Table 73
6.1 Introduction 73
6.2 Code Introduction 74
6.3 radix node head Structure 75
6.4 r t ent ry Structure 75
6.5 rt metrics Structure 76
6.6 in inithead Function 76
6.7 in addroute Function 77
6.8 in matroute Function 78
6.9 in clsroute Function 78
6.10 in. r tqt imo Function 79
6.11 in. rtqkil i Function 82
6.12 Summary 85
Chapter 7. T/TCP Implementation： Protocol Control Blocks 87
7.1 Introduction 87
7.2 in_pcbladdr Function 88
7.3 in pcbconnect Function 89
7.4 Summary 90
Chapter 8. T/TCP Implementation： TCP Overview 91
8.1 Introduction 91
8.2 Code Introduction 91
8.3 TCP protosw Structure 92
8.4 TCP Control Block 93
8.5 tcp init Function 94
8.6 tcp s lowt imo Function 94
8.7 Summary 95
Chapter 9. T/TCP Implementation： TCP Output 97
9.1 Introduction 97
9.2 tcp output Function 97
9.3 Summary 104
Chapter 10. T/TCP Implementation： TOP Functions 105
10.1 Introduction 105
10.2 tcp newtcpcb Function 105
10.3 tcp rt lookup Function 106
10.4 tcp gettaocache Function 108
10.5 Retransmission Timeout Calculations 108
10.6 tcp close Function 112
10.7 tcp_ms s s end Function 113
10.8 tcp ms s rcvd Function 114
10.9 tcp dooptions Function 121
10.10 tcp reass Function 122
10.11 Summary 124
Chapter 11.T/TCP Implementation： TCP Input 125
11.1 Introduction 125
11.2 Preliminary Processing 125
11.3 Header Prediction 129
11.4 Initiation of Passive Open 130
11.5 Initiation of Active Open 134
11.6 PAWS： Protection Against Wrapped Sequence Numbers 141
11.7 ACK Processing 142
11.8 Completion of Passive Opens and Simultaneous Opens 142
11.9 ACK Processing (Continued) 143
11.10 Summary 147
Chapter 12. T/TCP Implementation： TOP User Requests 149
12.1 Introduction 149
12.2 PRU CONNECT Request 149
12.3 tcp connect Function 150
12.4 PRU SEND and PRU SEND EOF Requests 154
12.5 tcp_usrclosed Function 155
12.6 tcp sysctl Function 155
12.7 T/TCP Futures 156
12.8 Summary 158
Part 2. Additional TCP Applications 159
Chapter 13， HTTP： Hypertext Transfer Protocol 161
13.1 Introduction 161
13.2 Introduction to HTTP and HTML 162
13.3 HTTP Protocol 165
13.4 An Example 170
13.5 HTTP Statistics 172
13.6 Performance Problems 173
13.7 Summary 175
Chapter 14. Packets Found on an HTTP Server 177
14.1 Introduction 177
14.2 Multiple HTTP Servers 180
14.3 Client SYN Interarrival Time 181
14.4 RTT Measurements 185
14.5 1isten Backlog Queue 187
14.6 Client SYN Options 192
14.7 Client SYN Retransmissions 195
14.8 Domain Names 196
14.9 Timing Out Persist Probes 196
14.10 Simulation of T/TCP Routing Table Size 200
14.11 Mbuf Interaction 202
14.12 TCP PCB Cache and Header Prediction 203
14.13 Summary 205
Chapter 15. NNTP： Network News Transfer Protocol 207
15.1 Introduction 207
15.2 NNTP Protocol 209
15.3 A Simple News Client 212
15.4 A More Sophisticated News Client 214
15.5 NNTP Statistics 215
15.6 Summary 216
Part 3. The Unix Domain Protocols 219
Chapter 16. Unix Domain Protocols： Introduction 221
16.1 Introduction 221
16.2 Usage 222
16.3 Performance 223
16.4 Coding Examples 224
16.5 Summary 225
Chapter 17. Unix Domain Protocols： Implementation 227
17.1 Introduction 227
17.2 Code Introduction 227
17.3 Unix domain and protosw Structures 228
17.4 Unix Domain Socket Address Structures 230
17.5 Unix Domain Protocol Control Blocks 231
17.6 uipc .usrreq Function 233
17.7 PRU ATTACH Request and unp attach Function 233
17.8 PRU DETACH Request and unp detach Function 236
17.9 PRU_BIN# Request and unp_bind Function 237
17.10 PRU_CONNECT Request and unp connect Function 240
17.11 PRU_CONNECT2 Request and unp connect2 Function 245
17.12 socketpair System Call 249
17.13 pipe System Call 253
17.14 PRU ACCEPT Request 253
17.15 PRU DISCONNECT Request and unp disconnect Function 255
17.16 PRU SHUTDOWN Request and unp shutdown Function 257
17.17 PRU ABORT Request and unp .drop Function 258
17.18 Miscellaneous Requests 259
17.19 Summary 261
Chapter 18. Unix Domain Protocols： I/O and Descriptor Passing 263
18.1 Introduction 263
18.2 PRU_SEND and PRU RCVD Requests 263
18.3 Descriptor Passing 269
18.4 unp internalize Function 274
18.5 unp external i ze Function 276
18.6 unp_discard Function 277
18.7 unp dispose Function 278
18.8 unp scan Function 278
18.9 unp. gc Function 280
18.10 unp mark Function 288
18.11 Performance (Revisited) 288
18.12 Summary 289
Appendix A. Measuring Network Times 291
A.1 RTT Measurements Using Ping 292
A.2 Protocol Stack Measurements 294
A.3 Latency and Bandwidth 300
Appendix B. Coding Applications for T/ICP 303
Bibliography309
Index 315