Preface
1 Introduction
　1.1 What Is Data Mining?
　1.2 Motivating Challenges
　1.3 The Origins of Data Mining
　1.4 Data Mining Tasks
　1.5 Scope and Organization of the Book
　1.6 Bibliographic Notes
　1.7 Exercises
2 Data
　2.1 Types of Data
　　2.1.1 Attributes and Measurement
　　2.1.2 Types of Data Sets
　2.2 Data Quality
　　2.2.1 Measurement and Data Collection Issues
　　2.2.2 Issues Related to Applications
　2.3 Data Preprocessing
　　2.3.1 Aggregation
　　2.3.2 Sampling
　　2.3.3 Dimensionality Reduction
　　2.3.4 Feature Subset Selection
　　2.3.5 Feature Creation
　　2.3.6 Discretization and Binarization
　　2.3.7 Variable Transformation
　2.4 Measures of Similarity and Dissimilarity
　　2.4.1 Basics
　　2.4.2 Similarity and Dissimilarity between Simple Attributes.
　　2.4.3 Dissimilarities between Data Objects
　　2.4.4 Similarities between Data Objects
　　2.4.5 Examples of Proximity Measures
　　2.4.6 Issues in Proximity Calculation
　　2.4.7 Selecting the Right Proximity Measure
　2.5 Bibliographic Notes
　2.6 Exercises
3 Exploring Data
　3.1 The Iris Data Set
　3.2 Summary Statistics
　　3.2.1 Frequencies and the Mode
　　3.2.2 Percentiles
　　3.2.3 Measures of Location: Mean and Median
　　3.2.4 Measures of Spread: Range and Variance
　　3.2.5 Multivariate Summary Statistics
　　3.2.6 Other Ways to Summarize the Data
　3.3 Visualization
　　3.3.1 Motivations for Visualization
　　3.3.2 General Concepts
　　3.3.3 Techniques
　　3.3.4 Visualizing Higher-Dimensional Data
　　3.3.5 Do's and Don'ts
　3.4 OLAP and Multidimensional Data Analysis
　　3.4.1 Representing Iris Data as a Multidimensional Array
　　3.4.2 Multidimensional Data: The General Case
　　3.4.3 Analyzing Multidimensional Data
　　3.4.4 Final Comments on Multidimensional Data Analysis
　3.5 Bibliographic Notes
　3.6 Exercises
　Classification:
4　Basic Concepts, Decision Trees, and Model Evaluation
　4.1 Preliminaries
　4.2 General Approach to Solving a Classification Problem
　4.3 Decision Tree Induction
　　4.3.1 How a Decision Tree Works
　　4.3.2 How to Build a Decision Tree
　　4.3.3 Methods for Expressing Attribute Test Conditions .
　　4.3.4 Measures for Selecting the Best Split
　　4.3.5 Algorithm for Decision Tree Induction
　　4.3.6 An Example: Web Robot Detection
　　4.3.7 Characteristics of Decision Tree Induction
　4.4 Model Overfitting
　　4.4.1 Overfitting Due to Presence of Noise
　　4.4.2 Overfitting Due to Lack of Representative Samples .
　　4.4.3 Overfitting and the Multiple Comparison Procedure
　　4.4.4 Estimation of Generalization Errors
　　4.4.5 Handling Overfitting in Decision Tree Induction . .
　4.5 Evaluating the Performance of a Classifier
　　4.5.1 Holdout Method
　　4.5.2 Random Subsampling
　　4.5.3 Cross-Validation
　　4.5.4 Bootstrap
　4.6 Methods for Comparing Classifiers
　　4.6.1 Estimating a Confidence Interval for Accuracy
　　4.6.2 Comparing the Performance of Two Models
　　4.6.3 Comparing the Performance of Two Classifiers
　4.7 Bibliographic Notes
　4.8 Exercises
5 Classification: Alternative Techniques
6 Association Analysis: Basic Concepts and Algorithms