Contents
Part I Transparent Materials
1　Introduction　3
References　4
2　Transparent Sand of Silica Gel　5
2.1　Static Properties of Silica Gel　6
2.2　Dynamic Properties of Silica Gel　9
2.2.1　Resonant Column Tests and Sample Preparation　9
2.2.2　Shear Modulus of Silica Gel　10
2.2.3　Comparison with Shear Modulus of Clay，Sand
and Gravel　15
2.2.4　Damping Ratio of Silica Gel　17
2.3　Summary and Conclusions　21
References　22
3　Transparent Sand of Fused Quartz　25
3.1　Introduction　25
3.2　Static Properties of Fused Quartz　25
3.2.1　Materials　26
3.2.2　Stress-Strain Curves of Transparent Soil　of Fused Quartz　27
3.2.3　Shear Strength　29
3.2.4　Pore Pressure　30
3.2.5　Deviatoric Stress and Stress Ratio　31
3.2.6　Summary　32
3.3　Geotechnical Properties of Fused Quartz with Different Pore Fluid　32
3.3.1　Fused Quartz and Pore Ruid　33
3.3.2　Experimental Program　34
3.3.3　Testing Results　34
3.3.4　Critical State Line　38
3.3.5　Duncan-Chang Model for Transparent Soils　38
3.3.6　Summary　42
3.4　Dynamic Properties for Transparent Soil of Fused Quartz　42
3.4.1　Experiment　42
3.4.2　Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Fused Quartz　43
3.5　Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Transparent Soils with Different Pore Fluids　45
3.5.1　Pore Fluids　45
3.5.2　Testing Methods　46
3.5.3　Shear Modulus Influenced by Pore Fluids　49
3.5.4　Damping Ratios Influenced by Pore Fluids　52
3.6　Cyclic Undrained Behavior and Liquefaction Resistance of Transparent Sand Made of Fused Quartz　54
3.6.1　Testing Methods　55
3.6.2　Results and Analysis　55
3.7　Summary　57
References　60
4　Transparent Clay of Carbopol U10　60
4.1　Introduction　63
4.2　Materials and Manufacture Process　64
4.2.1　Raw Materials　64
4.2.2　Manufacture Processes　66
4.3　Optical Properties of Synthetic Clay　67
4.3.1　Transparency Analysis　67
4.3.2　Speckle Pattern　69
4.4　Geotechnical Properties of Synthetic Clay　70
4.4.1　Shear Strength　70
4.4.2　Consolidation　74
4.4.3　Hydraulic Conductivity　76
4.4.4　Thermal Conductivity　79
4.5　Discussions and Conclusions　80
References　81
5　Transparent Rock　83
5.1　Introduction　83
5.2　Testing Methodology　84
5.2.1　Materials and Specimens　84
5.2.2　Test Facilities and Processes　85
5.3　Experimental Results and Discussions　87
5.3.1　Uniaxial Compression Test　87
5.3.2　Brazilian Tensile Test　93
5.4　Conclusions　97
References　97
6　Pore Fluid　101
6.1　Introduction　101
6.2　Low Viscosity Pore Fluid　102
6.2.1　Temperature Variation of the Viscosity and Refractive Index of the Potential Solvents　102
6.2.2　Determination of the Matching Refractive Index of the Matching Pore Fluid　105
6.2.3　Investigation on the Interaction Between the Pore Fluid and the Latex Membrane　106
6.3　New Pore Fluid to Manufacture Transparent Soil　111
6.3.1　Introduction　111
6.3.2　Pore Fluids Tested　114
6.3.3　Apparatus and Procedures　116
6.3.4　Results and Discussions　117
6.4　Summary and Conclusions　129
References　130
Part II Transparent Soil Imaging and Image Processing
7　Laser Speckle Effect　130
7.1　Introduction　135
7.2　Characteristics of Laser Speckle Field　136
7.3　Digital Image of Laser Speckle　137
References　139
8　2D Transparent Soil Imaging and Digital Image Cross-Correlation　141
8.1　2D Transparent Soil Model and Imaging　141
8.2　Digital Image Correlation (DIC)　142
8.3　Main Error Sources in 2D-DIC Measurement　144
8.4　Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)　147
8.5　Influences of Fused Quartz Grain Size on the Displacement by DIC　149
8.5.1　Experimental Program　150
8.5.2　Influences of Different Sized Fused Quartz on Displacement Measurement　150
8.5.3　Selecting the Query Window Based on Average Gray Gradient　151
8.5.4　Influences of Fused Quartz Grain Size on the Query Window Size in DIC　154
8.5.5　Translation Test　155
8.6 Summary　160
References　160
9　Camera Calibration Based on Neural Network Method　163
9.1　Camera Calibration　163
9.2　Neural Network Calibration Method　164
9.3　Angle Error Analysis　168
9.4　Application in DIC and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)　170
9.5　Summary and Conclusions　172
References173
10　Three-Dimensional Transparent Soil Imaging and Processing　175
10.1　Introduction　175
10.2　Transparent Soil Model and Testing Set Up　176
10.3　Automatic Tomographic Scanning Measuring Device and Experimental Setup　178
10.4　Optimized Particle Image Velocimetry Image Processing Algorithm　181
10.5　The Calibration Tests　182
10.5.1　The Calibration Tests of Automatic Tomographic
Scanning Measuring Device　182
10.5.2　The Accuracy of the Optimized Image Processing Algorithm　184
10.6　Modified 3D Reconstruction Method　184
10.7　Application to Jacked-Pile Penetration　186
10.7.1　Comparison of the Displacement Pattern Between Flat-Ended Pile and Cone-Ended Pile　186
10.7.2　Deformation Behaviour During Continuous