Contents
Preface
Part A Theoretical Framework
Chapter 1 Connotations of Urban Metabolism 3
1.1 The concept of an urban organism and ecosystem 3
1.2 Multi-level similarity of urban systems to organisms 6
1.2.1 Similarity of the structural hierarchy 6
1.2.2 Similarity of the functional mechanisms 7
1.3 Evolution of the concept of an urbanmetabolism 9
1.4 Urban metabolic processes 12
1.4.1 Metabolic phases 12
1.4.2 External and internal flows 13
1.4.3 Anabolism， catabolism， and regulatory metabolism 14
1.4.4 Metabolic linkages 14
1.4.5 Metabolic chains 16
1.4.6 Classification of the metabolic actors 18
1.4.7 Characteristics of the metabolic actors 19
1.5 Urban metabolic characteristics 23
1.5.1 Growth and development 24
1.5.2 Openness and dependency 26
1.5.3 Stability and robustness 27 References 29
Chapter 2 Progress in Urban Metabolism Research 31
2.1 The significance of urban metabolism research 31
2.1.1 Feasibility 31
2.1.2 Necessity 32
2.1.3 Urgency 33
2.2 CiteSpace knowledge mapping analysis 37
2.2.1 The number of publications 38
2.2.2 Collaborative network analysis 38
2.2.3 Discipline co-occurrence analysis 41
2.3 Research frontier analysis 44
2.3.1 Timeline analysis 44
2.3.2 Cluster analysis 49
2.3.3 Burst analysis 51
2.3.4 Cluster analysis for co-cited references 52
2.3.5 Analysis of high-frequency co-cited literature 55
2.4 Development stage of urban metabolism research 57
2.4.1 Early period (1965-1980) 57
2.4.2 Slow growth period (1981-2000) 59
2.4.3 Rising period (2001-present) 61
2.5 Historical evolution of urban metabolism research 64
2.5.1 Accounting evaluation methods 64
2.5.2 Model simulation 65
2.5.3 Application research 67
2.5.4 Scales and boundaries 69 References 72
Chapter 3 Theory， Paradigms， and Technical Methods for Urban Metabolism 83
3.1 Composite ecosystem theory 83
3.1.1 Natural subsystem 83
3.1.2 Socioeconomic subsystem 85
3.1.3 Structural features 86
3.1.4 Balance between pressure and support 89
3.2 Thermodynamics theory 90
3.2.1 Vitality metabolism 90
3.2.2 Entropy 92
3.3 System ecology theory 94
3.3.1 Integration of holism and reductionism 94
3.3.2 Urban metabolism research based on systems ecology 95
3.4 Research paradigms 97
3.4.1 The relationship among the three research paradigms 98
3.4.2 Natural metabolism 99
3.4.3 Socioeconomic metabolism 99
3.4.4 Integrated (hybrid) natural and socioeconomic metabolism paradigm 100
3.5 Technical framework 102 References 105
Part B Methods
Chapter 4 Accounting Evaluation of Urban Metabolism 111
4.1 Material flow analysis 111
4.1.1 Flow accounting 112
4.1.2 Stock accounting 121
4.2 Substance flow analysis 124
4.2.1 Carbon accounting 124
4.2.2 Nitrogen accounting 129
4.3 Emergy analysis 133
4.4 Measuring the system’s evolution 138
4.4.1 Measurement index system 138
4.4.2 Information entropy index 140
4.4.3 Harmonious development model 142
4.5 Measuring interactions between the natural and socioeconomic systems 144
4.5.1 Measurement index system 144
4.5.2 Sustainability index 145 References 147
Chapter 5 Network Models to Simulate Urban Metabolism 150
5.1 Network models based on physical metabolism 150
5.1.1 Urban water metabolic network models 150
5.1.2 Urban energy metabolic network models 154
5.1.3 Urban carbon and nitrogen metabolic network models 158
5.1.4 Urban material metabolic network models 163
5.1.5 Urban emergy metabolic network models 169
5.2 Spatially explicit models based on land use and cover change 171
5.2.1 Principles for developingspatiallyexplicit carbon metabolic network models 171
5.2.2 Spatially explicit models of an urban carbon metabolic network 175
5.3 Network models based on input-output tables 178
5.3.1 Development of an input-output table 179
5.3.2 Compilation of the input-output table based on the material consumption intensity coefficient 183
5.3.3 Analogy between trophic levels and metabolic network models 184
5.3.4 Compilation of the input-output table based on the energy consumption intensity coefficient 188
5.4 Simulation of network characteristics 193
5.4.1 Network structure simulation 193
5.4.2 Network function simulation 197
5.4.3 Network path simulation 205 References 209
Chapter 6 Regulation and Optimization of an Urban Metabolism 213
6.1 Factor decomposition models 213
6.1.1 Decomposition model for an urban carbon metabolism 214
6.1.2 Refine the decomposition model for the social and economic factors 216
6.1.3 Classification model forenergy-related carbon emission 219
6.1.4 Decomposition model for an urban nitrogen metabolism 220
6.1.5 Decomposition model of material metabolism 222
6.2 Deco