Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………1
 1.1 Research Background ………………………………………………1
 1.2 Research Objectives and Questions ………………………………3
 1.3 Research Signif icance and Motivation of the Study ………………4
 1.4 Potential Contributions of the Study …………………………………5
 1.5 Summary ………………………………………………………………5
Chapter 2 The Phenomenon of Sight Translation ………………………………6
 2.1 The Def inition of Sight Translation …………………………………6
 2.2 Sight Translation in Practice and Education ………………………8
 2.3 Sight Translation and Cognitive Effort ……………………………10
 2.4 Summary ……………………………………………………………12
Chapter 3 Situating the Study in the Literature ………………………………13
 3.1 Directionality …………………………………………………………13
 3.1.1 Arguments on Directionality …………………………………13
 3.1.2 Empirical Studies on Directionality …………………………16
 3.2 The Cognitive Effort in Translation and Interpreting ……………27
 3.2.1 Processing Time Measurement ………………………………27
 3.2.2 The Keystroke-Logging Method ……………………………28
 3.2.3 The Eye-Tracking Method ……………………………………30
 3.2.4 The Cognitive Effort in the “Black Box” ……………………31
 3.3 Competence in Translation and Interpreting Studies …………34
 3.4 Text Complexity ……………………………………………………38
 
中英視譯的方向性—基于神經(jīng)認知視角的實證研究（英文版） 
 3.5 Summary ……………………………………………………………40
Chapter 4 Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………41
 4.1 Language Processing in the Bilingual Brain ……………………41
 4.1.1 The Three-Store Hypothesis …………………………………41
 4.1.2 The Subsystems Hypothesis …………………………………42
 4.2 Translation/Interpreting Asymmetry ………………………………44
 4.2.1 The Revised Hierarchical Model ……………………………44
 4.2.2 The Activation Threshold Hypothesis ………………………45
 4.3 The Interpreter Advantage Hypothesis …………………………47
 4.4 Text Complexity and Cognitive Effort ……………………………48
 4.5 Theoretical Assumptions …………………………………………49
 4.6 Summary ……………………………………………………………50
Chapter 5 The Neuroimaging Technology ……………………………………51
 5.1 The Development of Neuroimaging Technology ………………51
 5.2 Introduction to fNIRS ………………………………………………56
 5.3 fNIRS in Language Processing Research ………………………58
 5.3.1 Language Comprehension ……………………………………59
 5.3.2 Overt Reading ………………………………………………60
 5.3.3 Speech Production ……………………………………………61
 5.4 Using fNIRS in the Present Study…………………………………62
 5.5 Summary ……………………………………………………………63
Chapter 6 A Pilot Study …………………………………………………………64
 6.1 Participants …………………………………………………………64
 6.2 Materials ……………………………………………………………65
 6.3 Tasks …………………………………………………………………66
 6.4 Data Acquisition ……………………………………………………66
 6.5 Data Analysis ………………………………………………………67
 6.6 Results ………………………………………………………………68
 6.7 Discussion …………………………………………………………69
 
Chapter 7 Methods………………………………………………………………72
 7.1 Research Design ……………………………………………………72
 7.2 Participants …………………………………………………………73
 7.2.1 Participant Recruitment ………………………………………73
 7.2.2 Second Language Prof iciency Test …………………………74
 7.2.3 Pre-experiment Survey ………………………………………76
 7.2.4 Working Memory Span Test …………………………………76
 7.2.5 The Selected Participants ……………………………………77
 7.2.6 Ethical Issues …………………………………………………80
 7.3 Materials ……………………………………………………………81
 7.3.1 Grade Level …………………………………………………82
 7.3.2 Sentence Structure ……………………………………………83
 7.3.3 Word Count …………………………………………………83
 7.3.4 Word Frequency ………………………………………………86
 7.3.5 Notional Word Density ………………………………………88
 7.3.6 Pronoun Density ……………………………………………89
 7.3.7 Translatability ………………………………………………90
 7.3.8 The Distinction Between Sentences of Low and High 
Complexity ……………………………………………………91
 7.4 Brain Areas of Interest ……………………………………………94
 7.4.1 Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ………………………………95
 7.4.2 Broca’s Area …………………………………………………97
 7.4.3 Wernicke’s Area ………………………………………………98
 7.4.4 Inferior Parietal Lobule ………………………………………100
 7.5 Experiment Procedure ……………………………………………101
 7.6 Data Collection………………………………………………………103
 7.6.1 Behavioural Data Collection …………………………………103
 7.6.2 fNIRS Data Collection ………………………………………104
 7.7 Data Preprocessing…………………………………………………106
 7.7.1 Behavioural Data Preprocessing ……………………………108
 7.7.2 fNIRS Data Preprocessing ……………………………………108
 7.8 Data Analysis ………………………………………………………109
 7.8.1 The Statistical Terms in the Present Study ……………………109
 7.8.2 Behavioural Data Analysis ……………………………………111
 
中英視譯的方向性—基于神經(jīng)認知視角的實證研究（英文版） 
 7.8.3 fNIRS Data Analysis …………………………………………112
 7.9 Summary ……………………………………………………………113
Chapter 8 Results ………………………………………………………………114
 8.1 Behavioural Results ………………………………………………114
 8.1.1 The Main Effect ………………………………………………114
 8.1.2 The Interaction Effect ………………………………………117
 8.2 Neuroimaging Results ……………………………………………120
 8.2.1 The Main Effect ………………………………………………121
 8.2.2 The Interaction Effect ………………………………………128
 8.3 Results from the Post-experiment Survey ………………………140
 8.4 Summary ……………………………………………………………140
Chapter 9 Discussion ……………………………………………………………144
 9.1 Directionality and Behavioural Performance ……………………144
 9.2 Directionality and Cognitive Effort …………………………………148
 9.3 Directionality, Interpreting Experience and Text Complexity …151
 9.4 Summary ……………………………………………………………155
Chapter 10 Conclusion …………………………………………………………157
 10.1 Final Conclusions …………………………………………………157
 10.2 Implications ………………………………………………………159
 10.2.1 Theoretical Implication ……………………………………159
 10.2.2 Methodological Implication ………………………………160
 10.2.3 Pedagogical and Practical Implication ……………………161
 10.3 Limitations and Perspective for Future Work …………………162
 10.4 Summary …………………………………………………………163
References …………………………………………………………………………164
Appendices …………………………………………………………………………185
 Appendix 1 English Prof iciency Test …………………………………185
 Appendix 2 Personal and Language Background 
Questionnaire ………………………………………………193
 
Appendix 3 Reading Span Test ………………………………………195
 Appendix 4 Informed Content …………………………………………198
 Appendix 5 Chinese and English Texts Used in the 
Experiment …………………………………………………201
 Appendix 6 Post-experiment Survey …………………………………204
 Appendix 7 The 3D MNI Coordinates of the 68 Channels and 
the Corresponding Brain Area ……………………………205
Index ………………………………………………………………………………214