第1章　Introduction / 緒論  1
1-1  Engineering Ethics / 工程倫理 / 6
1-2  Myths about Process Safety / 關(guān)于過程安全的誤區(qū) / 7
Myth 1:  Process Safety Costs a Lot of Money and Has a Negative Impact on the Company’s Bottom Line / 誤區(qū)1: 過程安全花費(fèi)大量資金并且對(duì)公司的承受限度有負(fù)面影響 / 7
Myth 2:  Process Safety Is the Same As Personal or Even Laboratory Safety / 誤區(qū)2: 過程安全等同于個(gè)人甚至實(shí)驗(yàn)室安全 / 8
Myth 3:  Process Safety Is No More Than Following Rules and Regulations / 誤區(qū)3: 過程安全無異于遵守規(guī)章制度 / 8
Myth 4:  Process Safety Is a Soft Science—No More Than Hard Hats or Safety Shoes—Not Engineering Science / 誤區(qū)4: 過程安全是一門軟科學(xué)，無非就是安全帽或安全鞋，不是一門工程科學(xué) / 9
Myth 5:  Process Safety Applies Only to the Petrochemical Industry / 誤區(qū)5: 過程安全只適用于石油化工領(lǐng)域 / 9
Myth 6:  Industry Should Train Graduates in Process Safety; This Topic Should Not Be a Part of the Undergraduate Engineering Curriculum / 誤區(qū)6: 行業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)畢業(yè)生進(jìn)行過程安全方面的培訓(xùn)；本課題不應(yīng)作為本科工程類課程的一部分 / 10
Myth 7:  Process Safety Does Not Include Product Safety / 誤區(qū)7: 過程安全不包含產(chǎn)品安全 / 10
1-3  Safety Culture / 安全文化 / 10
1-4  Individual Risk, Societal Risk, and Risk Populations / 個(gè)人風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、社會(huì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群 / 13
1-5  Voluntary and Involuntary Risk / 自愿風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和非自愿風(fēng)險(xiǎn) / 14
1-6  Safety Metrics / 安全指標(biāo) / 15
1-7  Accident and Loss Statistics / 事故和損失統(tǒng)計(jì) / 17
1-8  Risk Perception / 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)認(rèn)知 / 27
1-9  Risk Tolerance/Acceptance and Risk Matrix / 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)容忍度/接受度和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)矩陣 / 27
1-10  Codes, Standards, and Regulations / 規(guī)范、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和法規(guī) / 31
1-11  Safeguards / 安全防護(hù)措施 / 33
1-12  The CCPS 20 Elements of Risk-Based Process Safety / 基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的過程安全的20個(gè)CCPS要素 / 36
1-13  Inherently Safer Design / 本質(zhì)安全設(shè)計(jì) / 42
1-14  The Worst Chemical Plant Tragedy: Bhopal, India, 1984 / 嚴(yán)重的化工悲?。?984年印度博帕爾事故 / 46
1-15  Overview of Chemical Process Safety / 化工過程安全概述 / 49
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 49
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 50
第2章　Toxicology / 毒理學(xué)  55
2-1  How Toxicants Enter the Body / 毒物侵入人體的途徑 / 56
Gastrointestinal Tract / 胃腸道 / 57
Skin / 皮膚 / 58
Respiratory System / 呼吸系統(tǒng) / 58
2-2  How Toxicants Are Eliminated from the Body / 從人體內(nèi)消除毒物的途徑 / 59
2-3  Effects of Toxicants on the Body / 毒物對(duì)人體的影響 / 60
2-4  Toxicological Studies / 毒理學(xué)研究 / 61
2-5  Dose versus Response / 劑量與反應(yīng)的關(guān)系 / 62
2-6  Dose and Response Using Probit Equation / 使用概率方程計(jì)算劑量與反應(yīng) / 68
2-7  Relative Toxicity / 相對(duì)毒性 / 74
2-8  Threshold Limit Values / 閾限值 / 75
Online Resources / 在線資源 / 76
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 77
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 77
第3章　Industrial Hygiene / 工業(yè)衛(wèi)生  79
3-1  Anticipating and Identifying Hazardous Workplace Exposures / 預(yù)測(cè)及辨識(shí)工作場(chǎng)所的有害暴露 / 80
3-2  Globally Harmonized System / 全球化學(xué)品統(tǒng)一分類和標(biāo)簽制度 / 83
Globally Harmonized System for Safety Data Sheets / GHS安全數(shù)據(jù)表體系 / 83
Globally Harmonized System for Labeling / GHS標(biāo)簽體系 / 87
3-3  Evaluate the Magnitude of Exposures and Responses / 對(duì)暴露和反應(yīng)程度的評(píng)價(jià) / 89
Evaluating Exposures to Volatile Toxicants by Monitoring / 通過監(jiān)測(cè)對(duì)揮發(fā)性毒物的暴露進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià) / 90
Evaluating Worker Exposures to Dusts / 員工暴露于粉塵中的評(píng)價(jià) / 93
Evaluating Worker Exposures to Noise / 員工暴露于噪聲中的評(píng)價(jià) / 94
Evaluating Worker Exposures to Thermal Radiation / 員工暴露于熱輻射中的評(píng)價(jià) / 96
Estimating Worker Exposures to Toxic Vapors / 員工暴露于有毒蒸氣中的評(píng)價(jià) / 97
Estimating the Vaporization Rate of a Liquid / 液體蒸發(fā)速率的評(píng)價(jià) / 100
Estimating Worker Exposures during Vessel Filling Operations / 員工暴露于容器灌裝作業(yè)中的評(píng)價(jià) / 103
3-4  Develop and Evaluate Control Techniques to Prevent Exposures / 發(fā)展和評(píng)價(jià)用于防止暴露的控制技術(shù) / 106
Respirators / 呼吸器 / 108
Ventilation / 通風(fēng) / 109
3-5　National Fire Protection Association Diamond / 美國(guó)消防協(xié)會(huì)菱形標(biāo)簽 / 115
Online Resources / 在線資源 / 116
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 117
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 117
第4章　Source Models / 源模型  119
4-1　Introduction to Source Models / 源模型簡(jiǎn)介 / 121
4-2　Flow of Liquid through a Hole / 液體經(jīng)孔洞流出 / 123
4-3　Flow of Liquid through a Hole in a Tank / 液體經(jīng)儲(chǔ)罐上的孔洞流出 / 126
4-4　Flow of Liquids through Pipes / 液體經(jīng)管道流出 / 130
2-K Method / 2-K方法 / 134
4-5　Flow of Gases or Vapors through Holes / 氣體或蒸氣經(jīng)孔洞流出 / 140
4-6　Flow of Gases or Vapors through Pipes / 氣體或蒸氣經(jīng)管道流出 / 145
Adiabatic Flows / 絕熱流動(dòng) / 146
Isothermal Flows / 等溫流動(dòng) / 152
4-7　Flashing Liquids / 閃蒸液體 / 162
4-8　Liquid Pool Evaporation or Boiling / 液池蒸發(fā)或沸騰 / 168
4-9　Realistic and Worst-Case Releases / 實(shí)際和壞情景釋放 / 169
4-10　Conservative Analysis / 保守分析 / 169
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 172
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 173
第5章　Hazardous Material Dispersion / 有害物質(zhì)擴(kuò)散  177
5-1　Parameters Affecting Dispersion / 影響擴(kuò)散的參數(shù) / 178
5-2　Neutrally Buoyant Dispersion Models / 中性浮力擴(kuò)散模型 / 183
5-3　Pasquill–Gifford Model / Pasquill–Gifford模型 / 184
Case 1:  Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Ground Level, Coordinates Fixed at Release Point, Constant Wind Only in x Direction with Constant Velocity u / 情況1: 地面上瞬時(shí)點(diǎn)源的煙團(tuán)（坐標(biāo)系固定在釋放點(diǎn)，風(fēng)僅沿x軸方向，速度恒定為u）/ 189
Case 2:  Plume with Continuous Steady-State Source at Ground Level and Wind Moving in x Direction at Constant Velocity u / 情況2: 地面上連續(xù)穩(wěn)態(tài)源的煙羽（風(fēng)速u恒定，風(fēng)僅沿x軸方向）/ 190
Case 3:  Plume with Continuous Steady-State Source at Height Hr above Ground Level and Wind Moving in x Direction at Constant Velocity u / 情況3: 在地面上方Hr高度的連續(xù)穩(wěn)態(tài)源的煙羽（風(fēng)速u恒定，風(fēng)僅沿x軸方向）/ 190
Case 4:  Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Height Hr above Ground Level and a Coordinate System on the Ground That Moves with the Puff / 情況4: 在地面上方Hr高度瞬時(shí)點(diǎn)源的煙團(tuán)（坐標(biāo)系位于煙團(tuán)中心的地面投影上，隨煙團(tuán)移動(dòng)）/ 191
Case 5:  Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Height Hr above Ground Level and a Coordinate System Fixed on the Ground at the Release Point / 情況5: 在地面上方Hr高度瞬時(shí)點(diǎn)源的煙團(tuán)（坐標(biāo)系固定在釋放點(diǎn)的地面投影上）/ 192
Isopleths / 等值線 / 192
Effect of Release Momentum and Buoyancy / 釋放動(dòng)量和浮力的影響 / 193
Worst-Case Dispersion Conditions / 壞擴(kuò)散事件情景 / 194
Limitations to Pasquill–Gifford Dispersion Modeling / Pasquill–Gifford擴(kuò)散模型的局限性 / 195
5-4　Dense Gas Dispersion / 重氣擴(kuò)散模型 / 197
5-5　Toxic Effect Criteria / 毒性作用標(biāo)準(zhǔn) / 198
Emergency Response Planning Guidelines / 應(yīng)急響應(yīng)計(jì)劃指南 / 199
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health / 直接致害濃度 / 199
Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels and Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Levels / 緊急暴露指導(dǎo)限值和短時(shí)間公眾緊急暴露指導(dǎo)限值 / 202
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels / 急性暴露指導(dǎo)限值 / 204
Threshold Limit Values / 閾限值 / 207
Permissible Exposure Limits / 允許暴露限值 / 207
Toxic Endpoints / 毒性終點(diǎn) / 207
5-6　Release Prevention and Mitigation / 釋放預(yù)防與緩解 / 209
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 212
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 212
第6章　Fires and Explosions / 火災(zāi)和爆炸  219
6-1　The Fire Triangle / 火三角 / 220
6-2　Distinction between Fires and Explosions / 火災(zāi)和爆炸的區(qū)別 / 221
6-3　Definitions / 定義 / 221
6-4　Flammability Characteristics of Liquids and Vapors / 液體和蒸氣的燃燒特性 / 224
Liquids / 液體 / 224
Gas and Vapor Mixtures / 氣體和蒸氣混合物 / 227
Flammability Limit Dependence on Temperature / 燃燒極限隨溫度的變化 / 229
Flammability Limit Dependence on Pressure / 燃燒極限隨壓力的變化 / 229
Estimating Flammability Limits / 燃燒極限估算 / 230
Limiting Oxygen Concentration (LOC) and Inerting / 極限氧濃度（LOC）和惰化 / 234
Flammability Diagram / 可燃界限圖 / 236
Autoignition / 自燃 / 244
Auto-Oxidation / 自氧化 / 245
Adiabatic Compression / 絕熱壓縮 / 245
6-5　Flammability Characteristics of Dusts / 粉塵燃燒特性 / 247
6-6　Sprays and Mists / 薄霧和飛沫 / 248
6-7　Ignition Energy / 點(diǎn)火能 / 248
6-8　Ignition Sources / 點(diǎn)火源 / 250
6-9　Experimental Characterization of Gas/Vapor and Dust Explosions / 氣體/蒸氣和粉塵爆炸的實(shí)驗(yàn)表征 / 251
Gases/Vapors / 氣體/蒸氣 / 251
Dusts / 粉塵 / 255
Application of Flammability Data of Gases/Vapors and Dusts / 氣體/蒸氣和粉塵可燃性數(shù)據(jù)的應(yīng)用 / 258
6-10　Explosions / 爆炸 / 258
Detonation and Deflagration / 爆轟和爆燃 / 259
Confined Explosions / 受限爆炸 / 261
Blast Damage Resulting from Overpressure / 超壓造成的爆炸傷害 / 261
TNT Equivalency / TNT當(dāng)量法 / 265
TNO Multi-Energy Method / TNO多能法 / 266
Energy of Chemical Explosions / 化學(xué)爆炸能 / 270
Energy of Mechanical Explosions / 機(jī)械爆炸能 / 272
Missile Damage / 拋射物傷害 / 274
Blast Damage to People / 爆炸對(duì)人的傷害 / 274
Vapor Cloud Explosions (VCE) / 蒸氣云爆炸（VCE） / 276
Boiling-Liquid Expanding-Vapor Explosions / 沸騰液體擴(kuò)展蒸氣云爆炸 / 277
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 278
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 278
第7章　Concepts to Prevent Fires and Explosions / 防火防爆基本概念  283
7-1　Inerting / 惰化 / 284
Vacuum Purging / 真空惰化 / 285
Pressure Purging / 壓力惰化 / 288
Combined Pressure-Vacuum Purging / 真空-壓力聯(lián)合惰化 / 289
Vacuum and Pressure Purging with Impure Nitrogen / 使用不純氮?dú)膺M(jìn)行真空和壓力惰化 / 291
Sweep-Through Purging / 吹掃惰化 / 292
Siphon Purging / 虹吸惰化 / 293
Using the Flammability Diagram to Avoid Flammable Atmospheres / 使用可燃界限圖避免可燃性氣氛 / 293
7-2　Static Electricity / 靜電 / 299
Fundamentals of Static Charge / 靜電基本原理 / 299
Charge Accumulation / 電荷積聚 / 300
Electrostatic Discharges / 靜電放電 / 300
Energy from Electrostatic Discharges / 靜電釋放能 / 303
Energy of Electrostatic Ignition Sources / 靜電點(diǎn)火源能量 / 304
Streaming Current / 流動(dòng)電流 / 304
Electrostatic Voltage Drops / 靜電電壓降 / 307
Energy of Charged Capacitors / 荷電電容器的能量 / 308
Capacitance of a Body / 物體的電容 / 312
7-3　Controlling Static Electricity / 控制靜電 / 315
General Design Methods to Prevent Electrostatic Ignitions / 防止靜電點(diǎn)燃的通用設(shè)計(jì)方法 / 316
Relaxation / 弛豫 / 317
Bonding and Grounding / 搭接和接地 / 317
Dip Pipes / 采用浸漬管 / 320
Increasing Conductivity with Additives / 使用添加劑增加導(dǎo)電性 / 321
Handling Solids without Flammable Vapors / 在沒有可燃蒸氣存在的條件下處理固體 / 321
Handling Solids with Flammable Vapors / 在可燃蒸氣存在的條件下處理固體 / 321
7-4　Explosion-Proof Equipment and Instruments / 防爆設(shè)備和工具 / 323
Explosion-Proof Housings / 防爆外殼 / 323
Area and Material Classification / 區(qū)域和物料分類 / 324
Design of an XP Rated Area / XP級(jí)區(qū)域的設(shè)計(jì) / 325
7-5　Ventilation / 通風(fēng) / 325
Open-Air Plants / 露天裝置 / 325
Plants Inside Buildings / 建筑內(nèi)的裝置 / 326
7-6　Sprinkler Systems / 噴淋系統(tǒng) / 329
7-7　Industry’s Fire and Explosion Protection Strategy / 工業(yè)防火防爆方法 / 332
Practices / 實(shí)踐 / 332
Passive and Active Systems / 被動(dòng)和主動(dòng)系統(tǒng) / 333
Plant Fire Protection Infrastructure / 工廠防火基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 / 333
Documentation of Fire and Explosion Protection Strategy / 防火防爆方法檔案 / 334
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 334
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 334
第8章　Chemical Reactivity / 化學(xué)反應(yīng)性  337
8-1　Background Understanding / 背景介紹 / 338
8-2　Commitment, Awareness, and Identification of Reactive Chemical Hazards / 反應(yīng)性化學(xué)危害的承諾、認(rèn)知和辨識(shí) / 340
8-3　Characterization of Reactive Chemical Hazards Using Calorimeters / 用量熱儀表征反應(yīng)性化學(xué)危害 / 346
Introduction to Reactive Hazards Calorimetry / 反應(yīng)性危害量熱簡(jiǎn)介 / 347
Theoretical Analysis of Calorimeter Data / 量熱儀數(shù)據(jù)的理論分析 / 353
Estimation of Parameters from Calorimeter Data / 量熱儀數(shù)據(jù)的參數(shù)估算 / 364
Adjusting the Data for the Heat Capacity of the Sample Vessel / 樣品容器熱容數(shù)據(jù)的調(diào)整 / 369
Heat of Reaction Data from Calorimeter Data / 量熱儀的反應(yīng)熱數(shù)據(jù) / 370
Using Pressure Data from the Calorimeter / 量熱儀壓力數(shù)據(jù)的使用 / 370
Application of Calorimeter Data / 量熱儀數(shù)據(jù)的應(yīng)用 / 371
8-4　Controlling Reactive Hazards / 反應(yīng)性化學(xué)危害的控制 / 372
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 374
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 374
第9章　Introduction to Reliefs / 泄放概述  379
9-1　Relief Concepts / 泄放的概念 / 380
9-2　Definitions / 泄放相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ) / 381
9-3　Code Requirements / 規(guī)范及要求 / 383
9-4　Relief System Design / 泄放系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) / 386
Fire Protection / 防火 / 391
9-5　Relief Types and Characteristics / 泄放設(shè)備的類型和特征 / 391
Spring-Operated Reliefs / 彈簧式泄放閥 / 392
Rupture Discs / 爆破片 / 394
Buckling or Rupture Pin Reliefs / 屈曲或銷式泄放閥 / 395
Pilot-Operated Reliefs / 先導(dǎo)式泄放閥 / 396
Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Reliefs / 不同泄放設(shè)備的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn) / 400
9-6　Relief Installation Practices / 泄放設(shè)備安裝實(shí)踐 / 400
9-7　Relief Effluent Handling / 泄放物的處置 / 403
Horizontal Knockout Drum / 水平分液罐 / 405
Flares / 火炬 / 405
Scrubbers / 洗滌器 / 406
Condensers / 冷凝器 / 406
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 406
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 406
第10章　Relief Sizing / 泄放尺寸  411
10-1　Set Pressure and Accumulation Limits for Reliefs / 泄放設(shè)備的設(shè)定壓力和累積壓力限值 / 413
10-2　Relief Sizing for Liquid Service / 液體裝置的泄放尺寸 / 415
10-3　Relief Sizing for Vapor and Gas Service / 蒸氣和氣體裝置的泄放尺寸 / 422
Subcritical Vapor/Gas Flow / 亞臨界蒸氣/氣體流 / 424
Steam Flow Relief Sizing / 蒸汽流的泄放尺寸 / 424
Rupture Disc Sizing / 爆破片泄放尺寸 / 424
Pilot-Operated Relief Sizing / 先導(dǎo)式泄放閥泄放尺寸 / 425
Buckling Pin Relief Sizing / 屈曲或銷式泄放閥泄放尺寸 / 425
10-4　Two-Phase Flow during Runaway Reaction Relief / 失控反應(yīng)器泄放的兩相流 / 428
10-5　Deflagration Venting for Dust and Vapor Explosions / 粉塵和蒸氣爆炸的爆燃泄放 / 434
Vents for Gases/Vapors and Mists / 氣體/蒸氣和霧氣的泄放 / 436
Vents for Dusts and Hybrid Mixtures / 粉塵和混合物的泄放 / 439
10-6　Venting for Fires External to the Process / 火災(zāi)環(huán)境下工藝容器的泄放 / 440
10-7　Reliefs for Thermal Expansion of Process Fluids / 工藝流體熱膨脹的泄放 / 444
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 447
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 449
第11章　Hazards Identification and Evaluation / 危害辨識(shí)和評(píng)估  453
11-1　Introduction to Hazard Identification/ Evaluation and Risk Analysis / 危害辨識(shí)/評(píng)估和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析簡(jiǎn)介 / 455
11-2　Non-Scenario-Based Hazard Identification/Evaluation Methods / 基于非事故場(chǎng)景的危害辨識(shí)/評(píng)估方法 / 463
Checklist Analysis / 安全檢查表分析 / 463
Safety Reviews / 安全審查 / 466
Inherent Safety Reviews / 本質(zhì)安全審查 / 467
Preliminary Hazard Analysis / 預(yù)先危險(xiǎn)分析 / 468
Relative Ranking / 相對(duì)危害等級(jí)分析 / 469
11-3　Scenario-Based Hazard Identification/ Evaluation Methods / 基于事故場(chǎng)景的危害辨識(shí)/評(píng)估方法 / 471
Hazard and Operability Studies / 危險(xiǎn)和可操作性研究 / 471
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis / 故障模式及影響分析 / 479
What-If Analysis / 假設(shè)分析 / 482
What-If/Checklist Analysis / 假設(shè)/檢查表分析 / 482
11-4　Documentation and Actions Required for Hazard Identification and Evaluation / 危害辨識(shí)和評(píng)估所需的方法和文檔 / 483
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 483
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 483
第12章　Risk Analysis and Assessment / 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析和評(píng)價(jià)  487
12-1　Review of Probability Theory / 概率論回顧 / 487
Interactions between Process Units / 工藝單元間的相互作用 / 489
Revealed and Unrevealed Failures / 顯性失效和隱性失效 / 496
Probability of Coincidence / 重合概率 / 499
Redundancy / 冗余 / 500
Common-Cause Failures / 共模失效 / 501
12-2　Event Trees / 事件樹 / 501
12-3　Fault Trees / 事故樹 / 506
Determining the Minimal Cut Sets / 小割集的確定 / 509
Quantitative Calculations Using the Fault Tree / 事故樹的定量計(jì)算 / 512
Advantages and Disadvantages of Fault Trees / 事故樹的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn) / 512
12-4　Bow-Tie Diagrams / 領(lǐng)結(jié)圖 / 513
12-5　Quantitative Risk Analysis / 定量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析 / 514
12-6　Layer of Protection Analysis / 保護(hù)層分析 / 515
Estimating the LOPA Consequence / LOPA后果評(píng)估 / 518
Estimating the LOPA Frequency / LOPA頻率評(píng)估 / 518
12-7　Risk Assessment / 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià) / 526
Consequence versus Frequency Plot / 后果與頻率曲線圖 / 526
Individual Risk: Risk Contours / 個(gè)人風(fēng)險(xiǎn): 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等值線 / 526
Societal Risk: F-N Plots / 社會(huì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn): F-N圖 / 527
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 530
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 530
第13章　Safety Strategies, Procedures, and Designs / 安全策略、程序與設(shè)計(jì)  533
13-1　Process Safety Strategies / 過程安全策略 / 533
Process Safety Hierarchy / 過程安全層級(jí) / 533
Human Factors / 人為因素 / 533
Managing Safety / 安全管理 / 534
Incident Investigations / 事故調(diào)查 / 535
Root Cause Analysis / 根本原因分析 / 536
13-2　Safe Operating Procedures / 安全操作程序 / 537
13-3　Safe Work Practices / 安全作業(yè)準(zhǔn)則 / 538
Hot Work / 動(dòng)火作業(yè) / 539
Energy Isolation (Lock-Out/Tag-Out—LOTO; Lock, Tag, Try)  / 隔絕能量（上鎖/掛牌; 上鎖-掛牌-測(cè)試）/ 539
Confined-Space Entry (Vessel Entry) / 進(jìn)入受限空間（進(jìn)入容器內(nèi)）/ 540
13-4  Designs for Process Safety / 過程安全設(shè)計(jì) / 541
Inherently Safer Designs / 本質(zhì)安全設(shè)計(jì) / 541
Controls: Emergency Isolation Valves / 緊急隔離閥控制 / 541
Controls: Double Block and Bleed / 雙關(guān)雙泄放控制 / 541
Controls: Safeguards and Redundancy / 安全防護(hù)措施或冗余控制 / 542
Controls: Explosion Suppression / 抑爆控制 / 543
Flame Arrestors / 阻火器 / 544
Containment / 容納系統(tǒng) / 544
Materials of Construction / 設(shè)備選材 / 545
Process Vessels / 工藝容器 / 546
Miscellaneous Designs for Preventing Fires and Explosions / 防火和防爆設(shè)計(jì) / 547
13-5　Designs for Runaway Reactions / 失控反應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì) / 547
13-6　Designs and Practices for the Safe Handling of Dusts / 粉塵安全處理的設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)踐 / 548
Preventing Dust Explosions / 防止粉塵爆炸 / 549
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 549
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 550
第14章　Case Histories and Lessons Learned / 事故案例及經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)  551
14-1　Process Safety Culture / 過程安全文化 / 552
Case History: Explosions at a Refinery Due to Inadequate Process Safety Culture / 事故案例：因缺乏過程安全文化而導(dǎo)致的煉油廠爆炸事故 / 552
14-2　Compliance with Standards / 安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的遵守 / 553
Case History: Dust Explosions at a Pharmaceutical Plant Due to Inadequate Training on the Use of Standards / 事故案例：因?qū)κ褂脴?biāo)準(zhǔn)的培訓(xùn)不足導(dǎo)致的制藥廠粉塵爆炸事故 / 553
14-3　Process Safety Competency / 過程安全能力 / 554
Case History: An Explosion of a Blender Due to Inadequate Knowledge of Chemical Process Safety / 事故案例：因缺乏化工過程安全知識(shí)導(dǎo)致的攪拌器爆炸事故 / 554
14-4　Workplace Involvement / 工作場(chǎng)所的參與度 / 555
Case History: A Fatality in a Ribbon Blender Due to an Inadequate Lock-Out/Tag-Out Permit System / 事故案例：因缺乏上鎖/掛牌許可程序?qū)е碌膸綌嚢杵魉劳鍪鹿?/ 555
14-5　Stakeholder Outreach / 與利益相關(guān)者溝通 / 556
Case History: Increased Consequences in an Adjacent Community Due to Inadequate Outreach / 事故案例：缺乏溝通而導(dǎo)致事故后果升級(jí)擴(kuò)大到毗鄰企業(yè) / 556
14-6　Process Knowledge Management / 過程安全知識(shí)管理 / 556
Case History: A Runaway Reaction and Explosion Due to Inadequate Process Knowledge Management / 事故案例：缺乏過程安全知識(shí)管理引發(fā)的失控反應(yīng)和爆炸事故 / 556
14-7　Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis / 危害辨識(shí)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析 / 557
Case History: A Chemical Release and Fire Due to Inadequate Identification of Brittle Metal Failure / 事故案例：未對(duì)脆性金屬故障進(jìn)行有效識(shí)別而導(dǎo)致的化學(xué)物質(zhì)釋放和火災(zāi)事故 / 557
14-8　Operating Procedures / 操作程序 / 558
Case History: A Fatality from a Runaway Reaction Due to Inadequate Training on the Use of Procedures / 事故案例：因未對(duì)操作程序進(jìn)行充分的培訓(xùn)而導(dǎo)致的失控反應(yīng)死亡事故 / 558
Case History: Runaway Reaction and Explosion Due to Inadequate Procedures / 事故案例：不當(dāng)?shù)牟僮鞒绦蛞l(fā)的失控反應(yīng)和爆炸事故 / 559
14-9　Safe Work Practices / 安全作業(yè)準(zhǔn)則 / 559
Case History: An Explosion Due to a Missing Hot-Work-Permit System / 事故案例：因缺少動(dòng)火作業(yè)許可系統(tǒng)導(dǎo)致的爆炸事故 / 560
14-10　Asset Integrity and Reliability / 資產(chǎn)的完整性和可靠性 / 560
Case History: A Catastrophic Pipe Rupture Due to an Inadequate Asset Integrity Program / 事故案例：由于資產(chǎn)完整性規(guī)劃不充分而導(dǎo)致的災(zāi)難性管道破裂事故 / 561
14-11　Contractor Management / 承包商管理 / 561
Case History: Fire and Fatalities in a Tunnel Due to Poor Management of Contractors / 事故案例：由于承包商管理不善造成的隧道火災(zāi)和死亡事故 / 561
14-12　Training and Performance Assurance / 安全培訓(xùn)和工作表現(xiàn) / 562
Case History: An LPG Leak and BLEVE Due to Inadequate Training / 事故案例：由于培訓(xùn)不足而導(dǎo)致的液化石油氣泄漏和沸騰液體膨脹蒸氣爆炸事故 / 562
14-13　Management of Change / 變更管理 / 563
Case History: An Explosion Due to Missing Management of Change Procedure / 事故案例：在變更過程中缺乏管理導(dǎo)致的爆炸事故 / 563
14-14　Operational Readiness / 作業(yè)準(zhǔn)備 / 564
Case History: A Fatality in a Ribbon Blender Due to an Inadequate Pre-Startup Safety Review  / 事故案例：由于啟動(dòng)前對(duì)帶式攪拌器的安全審查不充分導(dǎo)致的死亡事故 / 564
14-15　Conduct of Operations / 進(jìn)行中的作業(yè) / 565
Case History: Explosions in a Refinery Due to Inadequate Conduct of Operations / 事故案例：因員工操作不當(dāng)引起的煉油廠爆炸事故 / 565
Case History: A Toxic Release Due to Inadequate Conduct of Operations / 事故案例：由于操作不當(dāng)導(dǎo)致的有毒物質(zhì)釋放事故 / 565
14-16　Emergency Management / 應(yīng)急管理 / 566
Case History: An Ammonium Nitrate Explosion Due to Inadequate Emergency Management / 事故案例：由于應(yīng)急管理不力導(dǎo)致的硝酸銨爆炸事故 / 566
Case History: An Explosion in a Pesticide Plant Due to Inadequate Emergency Management / 事故案例：由于應(yīng)急管理不到位而發(fā)生的農(nóng)藥廠爆炸事故 / 567
14-17　Incident Investigation / 事故調(diào)查 / 567
Case History: Space Shuttle Fatalities Caused by Inadequate Incident Investigations / 事故案例：因事故調(diào)查不充分導(dǎo)致的航天飛機(jī)失事事故 / 568
Case History: Explosions in a Sugar Refinery Due to Inadequate Incident Investigations / 事故案例：因事故調(diào)查不充分導(dǎo)致的煉糖廠爆炸事故 / 568
14-18　Measurement and Metrics / 安全計(jì)量和指標(biāo) / 569
Case History: Flight Failure of Mars Orbiter Due to Inadequate Analysis of Flight Path Deviations / 事故案例：因?qū)︼w行路徑偏差的分析不充分而導(dǎo)致的火星軌道飛行器的飛行失敗事故 / 569
Case History: Explosions in an Oil Refinery Due to Inadequate Focus on Process Safety Metrics / 事故案例：對(duì)過程安全指標(biāo)重視不夠造成的煉油廠爆炸事故 / 569
14-19　Auditing / 安全審查 / 570
Case History: Explosion in a Gas Plant Due to an Inadequate Audit of Asset Integrity and Reliability / 事故案例：由于資產(chǎn)完整性和可靠性審查不足導(dǎo)致的天然氣廠爆炸事故 / 570
14-20　Management Review and Continuous Improvement / 安全管理審查和持續(xù)改進(jìn) / 570
Case History: An Explosion Due to the Failure of Many RBPS Elements / 事故案例：由于眾多RBPS元素失效而導(dǎo)致的爆炸事故 / 571
14-21　Summary / 總結(jié) / 571 
Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 571
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 572
APPENDIX / 附錄  573
A　Unit Conversion Constants / 單位換算常數(shù) / 573
B　Flammability Data for Selected Hydrocarbons / 常見碳?xì)浠衔锏娜紵龜?shù)據(jù) / 576
C　Saturation Vapor Pressure Data / 飽和蒸氣壓數(shù)據(jù) / 581
D　Special Types of Reactive Chemicals / 特殊類型的反應(yīng)性化學(xué)物質(zhì) / 582
E　Hazardous Chemicals Data for a Variety of Chemical Substances / 化學(xué)物質(zhì)的危險(xiǎn)特性數(shù)據(jù) / 588
F　Process Diagrams / 流程圖 / 594
Nomenclature / 符號(hào)表  598
Index / 電子索引